Halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 64,31’inin sand\u0131\u011fa gitti\u011fi halk oylamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 99,44’\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in “evet” oldu.<\/p>\n
29 \u015eubat-1 Mart 1992’de yap\u0131lan referandumla Yugoslavya’dan ayr\u0131lan Bosna Hersek, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 30. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutluyor.<\/p>\n
N\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Bosna Hersek\u2019te, 1992-1995 d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan sava\u015f\u0131n izleri hala tam olarak silinmezken sava\u015f\u0131 sonland\u0131ran Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi karma\u015f\u0131k siyasi yap\u0131 da \u00fclkenin istikrara kavu\u015fmas\u0131na engel oluyor.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fsizlik ve gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusunun Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi gibi \u00f6nemli meselelerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalan Bosna Hersek, son y\u0131llarda artan g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131 ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkileyen Kovid-19 salg\u0131n\u0131yla da m\u00fccadele etmekte zorluk \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n
Zengin do\u011fal kaynaklara, \u00f6nemli yat\u0131r\u0131m potansiyellerine, ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne ve Avrupa’n\u0131n orta yerinde olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla stratejik bir konuma sahip Bosna Hersek, buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7o\u011fu zaman karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 “hantal” b\u00fcrokrasinin ma\u011fduru oluyor.<\/p>\n
Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k referandumu<\/strong> Yugoslavya’n\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini kendi lehine kullanmak isteyen Bosnal\u0131 H\u0131rvatlar ve S\u0131rplar da \u00fclke topraklar\u0131n\u0131 aralar\u0131nda pay etmek istedi. H\u0131rvatlar, 18 Kas\u0131m 1991’de Hersek Bosna H\u0131rvat Cumhuriyeti’ni, S\u0131rplar ise 9 Ocak 1992’de S\u0131rp Cumhuriyeti’ni ilan etti. O y\u0131llarda \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Bosna Hersek\u2019ten ba\u015fka \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolu yoktu. Slovenya ve H\u0131rvatistan’\u0131n Yugoslavya\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n akabinde Bosna Hersek’te de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k referandumu karar\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda boykot ederek kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 referandum, 29 \u015eubat-1 Mart 1992’de yap\u0131ld\u0131. Halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 64,31’inin sand\u0131\u011fa gitti\u011fi halk oylamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 99,44’\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in “evet” oldu.<\/p>\n “Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z” olan Bosna Hersek, 22 May\u0131s 1992’de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) \u00fcyeli\u011fine kabul edildi.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fkent Saraybosna 44 ay ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda kald\u0131<\/strong> Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Bosna Hersek’in ilk cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 olan Bo\u015fnak lider Aliya \u0130zetbegovi\u00e7’in liderli\u011finde \u00fclkenin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, egemenli\u011fini ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bir araya gelen farkl\u0131 dini ve etnik k\u00f6kenlerden Bosna Hersekliler, kuzeyde ve do\u011fuda S\u0131rplar, g\u00fcneyde ve bat\u0131da ise H\u0131rvatlarla m\u00fccadele etti. Avrupa’n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda 3,5 y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015f boyunca \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck sivil katliamlar, i\u015fkenceler, etnik temizlikler, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ve soyk\u0131r\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n Sava\u015f su\u00e7lusu S\u0131rp komutan Ratko Mladic’in emrindeki birlikler, Temmuz 1995\u2019te \u00fclkenin do\u011fusundaki Srebrenitsa \u015fehri ve civar\u0131nda sadece birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnde en az 8 bin 372 Bo\u015fnak sivili katletti.<\/p>\n Prijedor, Fo\u00e7a, Zvornik ve Vi\u015fegrad gibi bir\u00e7ok \u015fehirde yap\u0131lan etnik temizlik nedeniyle neredeyse hi\u00e7 Bo\u015fnak b\u0131rak\u0131lmad\u0131. Ba\u015fkent Saraybosna, tam 44 ay S\u0131rplar\u0131n ku\u015fatmas\u0131 alt\u0131nda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n Y\u00fczbinlerce insan\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi, milyonlarcas\u0131n\u0131n evlerini terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tecav\u00fcze u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sivillerin toplama kamplar\u0131nda i\u015fkence g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kanl\u0131 sava\u015f, 21 Kas\u0131m 1995’te Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n paraf edilmesiyle son buldu.<\/p>\n Dayton Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ve getirdi\u011fi karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131<\/strong> ABD’de g\u00fcnler s\u00fcren m\u00fczakerelerin ard\u0131ndan 21 Kas\u0131m 1995’te paraf edilen antla\u015fma, 14 Aral\u0131k 1995’te ise Fransa’da Bosna Hersek Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Aliya \u0130zetbegovi\u00e7, S\u0131rbistan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Slobodan Milosevic ve H\u0131rvatistan Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Franjo Tudjman taraf\u0131ndan resmen imzaland\u0131. Antla\u015fma ile Bo\u015fnak, H\u0131rvat ve S\u0131rplar “\u00fclkenin kurucu halklar\u0131” kabul edildi.<\/p>\n Dayton’a g\u00f6re, Bosna Hersek n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu H\u0131rvat ve Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Bosna Hersek Federasyonu (FBIH) ile S\u0131rp n\u00fcfusun yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu RS entitelerinden ve \u00f6zel bir stat\u00fcye sahip Brcko B\u00f6lgesi’nden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. FBIH entitesi de her birinin kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve meclisi bulunan 10 kantondan olu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n Devletin en \u00fcst makam\u0131 olarak da Bo\u015fnak, S\u0131rp ve H\u0131rvat 3 \u00fcyeden olu\u015fan Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Konseyi mevcut. 4 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen Konsey \u00fcyeleri, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcml\u00fc olarak 8 ayl\u0131\u011f\u0131na “Konsey Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131” yap\u0131yor. Konseyin H\u0131rvat ve Bo\u015fnak \u00fcyeleri, FBIH’de ya\u015fayanlar, S\u0131rp \u00fcye ise RS’de ya\u015fayanlar taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7iliyor.<\/p>\n Dayton’un getirdi\u011fi sistem gere\u011fi \u00fclkede bir de “Y\u00fcksek Temsilci” bulunuyor. Geni\u015f yetkilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yabanc\u0131 bir diplomat olan bu ki\u015fi, Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Konseyinin \u00fcyeleri dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00fclkedeki t\u00fcm di\u011fer devlet yetkililerini g\u00f6revden alma ve yasalarda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapma hakk\u0131na dahi sahip.<\/p>\n Anla\u015fman\u0131n getirdi\u011fi karma\u015f\u0131k yap\u0131da; kanton, entite ve devlet d\u00fczeyinde 5 ba\u015fkan (\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc konsey \u00fcyeleri), 13 ba\u015fbakan ve 130’dan fazla bakan bulunuyor. Bu karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k, bir\u00e7ok kez h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131nda yetki karga\u015fas\u0131na neden oluyor, karar al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n \u00d6ncelikli hedef, AB’ye \u00fcyelik<\/strong> NATO’ya \u00fcyelik konusunda ise \u00fclkede g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bulunuyor. Rusya ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri bulunan Bosnal\u0131 S\u0131rplar, \u00fclkenin NATO’ya \u00fcye olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Konseyinde kararlar 3 \u00fcyenin onay\u0131 ile al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Bosna Hersek’in NATO \u00fcyeli\u011fi s\u00fcreci \u015fu an i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fkenti Saraybosna olan Bosna Hersek\u2019in n\u00fcfusu, 2013’teki son say\u0131ma g\u00f6re 3 milyon 531 bin 159. N\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 50,11’ini Bo\u015fnaklar, y\u00fczde 30,78’ini S\u0131rplar, y\u00fczde 15,43’\u00fcn\u00fc H\u0131rvatlar ve y\u00fczde 3,68’ini ise di\u011fer etnik gruplara ait vatanda\u015flar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00dclke n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 50,7’si M\u00fcsl\u00fcman.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 64,31’inin sand\u0131\u011fa gitti\u011fi halk oylamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan oylar\u0131n y\u00fczde 99,44’\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in “evet” oldu. 29 \u015eubat-1 Mart 1992’de yap\u0131lan referandumla Yugoslavya’dan ayr\u0131lan Bosna Hersek, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 30. y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kutluyor. N\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Bosna Hersek\u2019te, 1992-1995 d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan sava\u015f\u0131n izleri hala tam olarak silinmezken sava\u015f\u0131 sonland\u0131ran Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi karma\u015f\u0131k siyasi yap\u0131 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":39893,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[245],"class_list":["post-39891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-balkanlar","tag-bosna"],"yoast_head":"\n
\nH\u0131rvatistan’\u0131n 1991’de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda S\u0131rplar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde olan Yugoslav Halk Ordusu (JNA) ile H\u0131rvat g\u00fc\u00e7leri aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, kom\u015fu Bosna Hersek’e de s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131. JNA, Bosna Hersek s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan ancak n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu H\u0131rvatlar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Ravno\u2019ya sald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nBa\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k referandumunun hemen akabinde JNA’n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Bosna Hersek ve S\u0131rbistan’dan paramiliter S\u0131rp birlikler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Bo\u015fnaklara kar\u015f\u0131 etnik temizlik ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra Avrupa’daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck katliamlar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bosna Sava\u015f\u0131, Dayton Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sona erdi.<\/p>\n
\nBat\u0131 Balkanlardaki di\u011fer \u00fclkeler gibi Bosna Hersek’in de d\u0131\u015f politikadaki \u00f6ncelikli hedefi, AB’ye \u00fcye olmak. Bu hedef i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok yol katetmesi gereken Bosna Hersek, 2016’da AB’ye resmen \u00fcyelik ba\u015fvurusu yapt\u0131. Bosna Hersek makamlar\u0131, bu y\u0131l i\u00e7inde AB’den “aday \u00fclke” stat\u00fcs\u00fc almay\u0131 hedefliyor.<\/p>\n